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GSM antennas in the, GSM is a, which means that connect to it by searching for cells in the immediate vicinity. There are five different cell sizes in a GSM network—, and. The coverage area of each cell varies according to the implementation environment. Macro cells can be regarded as cells where the is installed on a mast or a building above average rooftop level. Micro cells are cells whose antenna height is under average rooftop level; they are typically used in urban areas. Picocells are small cells whose coverage diameter is a few dozen meters; they are mainly used indoors.
Gsm Phones Carriers
Femtocells are cells designed for use in residential or small business environments and connect to the service provider’s network via a broadband internet connection. Umbrella cells are used to cover shadowed regions of smaller cells and fill in gaps in coverage between those cells. Cell horizontal radius varies depending on antenna height, antenna gain, and propagation conditions from a couple of hundred meters to several tens of kilometres. The longest distance the GSM specification supports in practical use is 35 kilometres (22 mi). There are also several implementations of the concept of an extended cell, where the cell radius could be double or even more, depending on the antenna system, the type of terrain, and the. Indoor coverage is also supported by GSM and may be achieved by using an indoor picocell base station, or an with distributed indoor antennas fed through power splitters, to deliver the radio signals from an antenna outdoors to the separate indoor distributed antenna system.
These are typically deployed when significant call capacity is needed indoors, like in shopping centers or airports. However, this is not a prerequisite, since indoor coverage is also provided by in-building penetration of the radio signals from any nearby cell. GSM carrier frequencies.
Gsm Phones Mean
Main article: GSM networks operate in a number of different ranges (separated into for 2G and for 3G), with most GSM networks operating in the 900 MHz or 1800 MHz bands. Cmud download. Where these bands were already allocated, the 850 MHz and 1900 MHz bands were used instead (for example in Canada and the United States). In rare cases the 400 and 450 MHz frequency bands are assigned in some countries because they were previously used for first-generation systems.
For comparison, most networks in Europe operate in the 2100 MHz frequency band. For more information on worldwide GSM frequency usage, see. Regardless of the frequency selected by an operator, it is divided into for individual phones.
This allows eight full-rate or sixteen half-rate speech channels per. These eight radio timeslots (or periods) are grouped into a frame. Half-rate channels use alternate frames in the same timeslot. The channel data rate for all 8 channels is 270.833 kbit/s, and the frame duration is 4.615 ms. The transmission power in the handset is limited to a maximum of 2 watts in GSM 850/900 and 1 watt in GSM 1800/1900. Voice codecs GSM has used a variety of voice to squeeze 3.1 kHz audio into between 6.5 and 13 kbit/s. Originally, two codecs, named after the types of data channel they were allocated, were used, called (6.5 kbit/s) and (13 kbit/s).
These used a system based on (LPC). In addition to being efficient with s, these codecs also made it easier to identify more important parts of the audio, allowing the air interface layer to prioritize and better protect these parts of the signal. GSM was further enhanced in 1997 with the (EFR) codec, a 12.2 kbit/s codec that uses a full-rate channel. Finally, with the development of, EFR was refactored into a variable-rate codec called, which is high quality and robust against interference when used on full-rate channels, or less robust but still relatively high quality when used in good radio conditions on half-rate channel. Subscriber Identity Module (SIM). Main article: One of the key features of GSM is the, commonly known as a SIM card. The SIM is a detachable containing the user's subscription information and phone book.
This allows the user to retain his or her information after switching handsets. Alternatively, the user can also change operators while retaining the handset simply by changing the SIM. Some operators will block this by allowing the phone to use only a single SIM, or only a SIM issued by them; this practice is known as.
Phone locking. Main article: Sometimes restrict handsets that they sell for use with their own network.
This is called locking and is implemented by a software feature of the phone. A subscriber may usually contact the provider to remove the lock for a fee, utilize private services to remove the lock, or use software and websites to unlock the handset themselves. It is possible to hack past a phone locked by a network operator. In some countries (e.g., ) all phones are sold unlocked. GSM security GSM was intended to be a secure wireless system.
It has considered the user authentication using a and, and over-the-air encryption. However, GSM is vulnerable to different types of attack, each of them aimed at a different part of the network. The development of introduced an optional (USIM), that uses a longer authentication key to give greater security, as well as mutually authenticating the network and the user, whereas GSM only authenticates the user to the network (and not vice versa). The security model therefore offers confidentiality and authentication, but limited authorization capabilities, and no. GSM uses several cryptographic algorithms for security. The, and are used for ensuring over-the-air voice privacy.
A5/1 was developed first and is a stronger algorithm used within Europe and the United States; A5/2 is weaker and used in other countries. Serious weaknesses have been found in both algorithms: it is possible to break A5/2 in real-time with a, and in January 2007, started the A5/1 cracking project with plans to use that allow A5/1 to be broken with a attack. The system supports multiple algorithms so operators may replace that cipher with a stronger one. Since 2000, different efforts have been made in order to crack the A5 encryption algorithms.
Both A5/1 and A5/2 algorithms have been broken, and their cryptanalysis has been revealed in the literature. As an exampledeveloped a number of (static values which reduce the time needed to carry out an attack) and have found new sources for.
He said that it is possible to build 'a full GSM interceptor.from open-source components' but that they had not done so because of legal concerns. Nohl claimed that he was able to intercept voice and text conversations by impersonating another user to listen to, make calls, or send text messages using a seven-year-old cellphone and decryption software available for free online. GSM uses (GPRS) for data transmissions like browsing the web. The most commonly deployed GPRS ciphers were publicly broken in 2011.
The researchers revealed flaws in the commonly used GEA/1 and GEA/2 ciphers and published the open-source 'gprsdecode' software for GPRS networks. They also noted that some carriers do not encrypt the data (i.e., using GEA/0) in order to detect the use of traffic or protocols they do not like (e.g., ), leaving customers unprotected. GEA/3 seems to remain relatively hard to break and is said to be in use on some more modern networks.
If used with to prevent connections to and, users will be protected in the medium term, though migration to 128-bit GEA/4 is still recommended. Standards information The GSM systems and services are described in a set of standards governed by, where a full list is maintained. GSM open-source software Several software projects exist that provide certain GSM features:. gsmd daemon by. develops a. The GSM Software Project aims to build a GSM analyzer for less than $1,000. developers intend to replace the proprietary baseband GSM stack with a free software implementation.
Gsm Phones Verizon
YateBTS develops a Issues with patents and open source Patents remain a problem for any open-source GSM implementation, because it is not possible for GNU or any other free software distributor to guarantee immunity from all lawsuits by the patent holders against the users. Furthermore, new features are being added to the standard all the time which means they have patent protection for a number of years.
The original GSM implementations from 1991 may now be entirely free of patent encumbrances, however patent freedom is not certain due to the United States' 'first to invent' system that was in place until 2012. The 'first to invent' system, coupled with 'patent term adjustment' can extend the life of a U.S.
Patent far beyond 20 years from its priority date. It is unclear at this time whether will be able to implement features of that initial specification without limit. As patents subsequently expire, however, those features can be added into the open-source version. As of 2011, there have been no lawsuits against users of OpenBTS over GSM use.
See also. (EDGE). (ENS). – list of call forward codes working with all operators and phones. (MMS).
Network Identity and Time Zone. American dad saison 8 vf telecharger. (WAP). (GSM-Railway).
– Unstructured Supplementary Service Data: list of all standard GSM codes for network and SIM related functions. (HSDPA). (IMSI). (LTE). Mobile Subscriber ISDN Number. (NMT). (PCN).
Standards. Cellphone features. – Security mechanisms for the SIM application toolkit. – Radio Resource Location Protocol. (VLR) References.
. Uses encryption to make phone calls more secure.
Data networking. Group III facsimile services. Short Message Service (SMS) for text messages and paging.
Call forwarding. Call waiting. Multi-party conferencing GSM operates in the 900 MHz band (890 MHz - 960 MHz) in Europe and Asia and in the 1900 MHz (sometimes referred to as 1.9 GHz) band in the United States. It is used in digital cellular and PCS-based systems. GSM is also the basis for Integrated Digital Enhanced Network (iDEN), a popular system introduced by and used. The incredible growth of GSM is a big part of why the acronym is now commonly thought of as standing for the Global System for Mobile communications!
If you were on a cell phone in Europe, you'd be using the GSM service. Click here to learn about in the U.S.
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